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KwaNdebele was a self-governing Homeland in apartheid South Africa which indicated in 1982 that it would follow some of the Homelands and move towards “full independence”. However, internal strife and unrest within the Homeland delayed the scheduled move towards independence. The wider political developments in South Africa after 1990 and the negotiations which led to the end of apartheid and the adoption of a new Interim Constitution in South Africa halted these developments and KwaNdebele ceased to exist in April 1994. This paper describes and illustrates the flags that were designed for use by the government and officials of the proposed “Republic of KwaNdebele” as it prepared for independence from South Africa in the late 1980s.
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This thesis analyses the symbolic changes in the expression of white Rhodesian identity from the arrival of the settlers in 1890 and subsequent establishment of the Colony until the independence of Zimbabwe in 1980. It examines the concepts of ‘nation’ and ‘identity’. It is generally agreed that national symbols, such as flags, anthems, coats of arms, and the like, not only represent the ‘nation’ but also condense and express the values, history and memories associated with it. The thesis argues that initially Rhodesians considered and identified themselves to be quintessentially British and loyal members of the Empire which was demonstrated through the use of Imperial symbols such as the Crown and the Union Jack. However, following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in November 1965, the need for a more distinctive local identity became more acute as the country moved to sever its imperial links and became ostracised on the international stage. A new panoply of symbols was adopted to reflect this change, the most visible and long-lasting of which was the new Rhodesian flag. The flag continues to be the most emotional and contested symbol of post-UDI Rhodesian identity to this day.
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1977 年 12 月 6 日，博普塔茨瓦纳成为南非十个 所谓的“家园”（或班图斯坦）中第二个接受 “独立”的地区。根据当时南非的种族隔离政 策，家园是专门为特定种族的人设立的地区。 博普塔茨瓦纳是南非茨瓦纳语族的专属领土。 尽管没有得到国际认可，博普塔茨瓦纳实际上 是一个拥有自己旗帜、国徽、国歌以及其他主 权象征的政治实体。本文聚焦于1977年至1994 年间，博普塔茨瓦纳政府在其名义上的独立国 家存在期间使用的旗帜和其他主权象征。 在南非首次全民普选后，种族隔离政策正式结 束，博普塔茨瓦纳作为一个独立的政治实体停 止存在，并在1994年4月27日重新并入南非。 On 6 December 1977 Bophuthatswana became the second of South Africa’s ten so-called Homelands (or Bantustans) to accept independence’. In terms of South Africa’s policy of apartheid then in force, the Homelands were areas set aside for people of a specific ethnicity. Bophuthatswana was the territory reserved for the Tswana-speaking people of South Africa. Despite not being internationally recognised, Bophuthatswana was a de facto political entity with its own flag, coat of arms, anthem, and other symbolic trappings of sovereignty. This paper focuses on the flags and other symbols of sovereignty used by the Government of Bophuthatswana during its existence as a nominally independent state between 1977 and 1994. Following South Africa’s first universal adult suffrage elections which formally ended apartheid, Bophuthatswana ceased to exist as a separate political entity and was re-incorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994.
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- apartheid (2)
- Bantustans (1)
- Bophuthatswana (1)
- car flag (1)
- Civic symbols (1)
- civil religion (1)
- coats of arms (1)
- colonial flags (1)
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- Durban (1)
- flag scholars (1)
- flags in Rhodesia (1)
- homeland (1)
- isiba (1)
- itjhwahla (1)
- John Purcell (1)
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- KwaZulu-Natal (1)
- Manala (1)
- national anthems (1)
- national identity (2)
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- vexillologists (1)
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- 南非班图斯坦 (1)
- 博普塔茨瓦纳 (1)
- 班图斯坦 (1)
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