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Raven 3/4, covering 1996 and 1997, appears as a special double issue covering Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States. With 211 text pages, grayscale illustrations throughout, and 16 color plates, the softcover book represents the culmination of 40 years of research by Donald T. Healy. Versions of this work were delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology in Warsaw, Poland in 1995, and at the 17th Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1997. [p. vi]

Raven 3/4, covering 1996 and 1997, appears as a special double issue covering Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States. With 211 text pages, grayscale illustrations throughout, and 16 color plates, the softcover book represents the culmination of 40 years of research by Donald T. Healy. Versions of this work were delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology in Warsaw, Poland in 1995, and at the 17th Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1997. [p. vi]

Raven 3/4, covering 1996 and 1997, appears as a special double issue covering Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States. With 211 text pages, grayscale illustrations throughout, and 16 color plates, the softcover book represents the culmination of 40 years of research by Donald T. Healy. Versions of this work were delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology in Warsaw, Poland in 1995, and at the 17th Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1997. [p. vi]

Raven 3/4, covering 1996 and 1997, appears as a special double issue covering Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States. With 211 text pages, grayscale illustrations throughout, and 16 color plates, the softcover book represents the culmination of 40 years of research by Donald T. Healy. Versions of this work were delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology in Warsaw, Poland in 1995, and at the 17th Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1997. [p. vi]

Raven 3/4, covering 1996 and 1997, appears as a special double issue covering Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States. With 211 text pages, grayscale illustrations throughout, and 16 color plates, the softcover book represents the culmination of 40 years of research by Donald T. Healy. Versions of this work were delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology in Warsaw, Poland in 1995, and at the 17th Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1997. [p. vi]

Raven 3/4, covering 1996 and 1997, appears as a special double issue covering Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States. With 211 text pages, grayscale illustrations throughout, and 16 color plates, the softcover book represents the culmination of 40 years of research by Donald T. Healy. Versions of this work were delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology in Warsaw, Poland in 1995, and at the 17th Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1997. [p. vi]

Raven 3/4, covering 1996 and 1997, appears as a special double issue covering Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States. With 211 text pages, grayscale illustrations throughout, and 16 color plates, the softcover book represents the culmination of 40 years of research by Donald T. Healy. Versions of this work were delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology in Warsaw, Poland in 1995, and at the 17th Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1997. [p. vi]

Raven 3/4, covering 1996 and 1997, appears as a special double issue covering Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States. With 211 text pages, grayscale illustrations throughout, and 16 color plates, the softcover book represents the culmination of 40 years of research by Donald T. Healy. Versions of this work were delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology in Warsaw, Poland in 1995, and at the 17th Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1997. [p. vi]

Raven 3/4, covering 1996 and 1997, appears as a special double issue covering Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States. With 211 text pages, grayscale illustrations throughout, and 16 color plates, the softcover book represents the culmination of 40 years of research by Donald T. Healy. Versions of this work were delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology in Warsaw, Poland in 1995, and at the 17th Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1997. [p. vi]

Raven 3/4, covering 1996 and 1997, appears as a special double issue covering Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States. With 211 text pages, grayscale illustrations throughout, and 16 color plates, the softcover book represents the culmination of 40 years of research by Donald T. Healy. Versions of this work were delivered at the 16th International Congress of Vexillology in Warsaw, Poland in 1995, and at the 17th Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1997. [p. vi]

本文探讨了英国人对待国旗普遍相当放松的态 度。英国没有具体的国旗法，但英国法律的许 多其他分支都与国旗有关。这些包括宪法、纹 章法、刑法、版权法、标准法、道路交通法、 军事法、海事法、教会法、消费者保护法、外 交法和土地使用规划法。本文对每一项进行了 探讨，并最后得出了一些想法，即英国人对国 旗的态度可能揭示了该国的集体性格。 This paper explores how the British generally have a quite relaxed attitude towards their flag. There is no specific national flag law in England, but many other branches of English law have a bearing on flags. These include constitutional, heraldic, criminal, copyright, standards, road traffic, military, maritime, ecclesiastical, consumer protection, diplomatic and land use planning law. This paper explores each of these, and concludes with some thoughts on what the British attitude to flags may reveal about the country's collective personality.

数个世纪以来，日本在历史发展过程中形成了 多种染色工艺。其中一种传统工艺名为“印 染”，它通过模版将家纹图案和其他图案印制 到织物上。尽管如今许多织物制造方法已实现 机械自动化，但仍有上百家制造商保留着传统 工艺。本文描述了作者在染色工匠指导下，亲 身体验的应用于旗帜制作的“印染”工艺，以 及该工艺的色彩还原精度。 Various dyeing techniques have been developed over many centuries throughout Japanese history. One of these traditional techniques, known as shirushi-zome, is used to apply kamon family crest marks and other materials with patterns of stencils to fabrics. Although many fabric manufacturing methods have been automated by machinery, about a hundred manufacturers maintain their traditional techniques. This paper describes shirushi-zome as applied to flag manufacturing (which the author actually experienced under the guidance of a dyeing craftsman) and explores color reproduction accuracy.

日本和中国历史上有军旗主要用汉字书写。中 世纪日本的军旗上写有神名的汉字，例如八幡 大菩萨，比写有家族徽章的武士旗帜更宽，并 通过宗教仪式赋予神的力量。写有神名的幕府 将军或天皇的旗帜被称为御旗，具有政治作用 使武士的战斗正当化。 根据 1461 年多贺高忠所著的《军事记录》，最 高指挥官和指挥官会举起旗帜，旗帜上写着神 的名字，下方是他的家族徽章。随着幕府将军 和天皇的政府权力在 15 和 16 世纪逐渐减弱， 武士领主增强了他们的权力并举起了旗帜，在 家族徽章上方写有他们所信仰的神灵的名字。 [本文荣获本次大会最佳演讲奖。] Historically both Japan and China had military flags with Chinese characters (kanji in Japanese) written on them. Medieval Japanese military banners with the kanji name of a deity, such as Great Bodhisattva Hachiman (八幡大菩薩), gained the power of the deity by religious ritual. They were twice as wide as the 13th century samurai banners with the family crest (mon). That deity-name-written banner of the shogun or the emperor was called a mihata and had a political role to justify battle with samurai. According to The Military Note, 《多賀高忠軍陣聞書》, written by Takatada Taga in 1461, the supreme commander and commanding officer raised his banner with the name of the deity written above his family crest. As the governmental power of both shogun and emperor gradually weakened in the 15th and 16th centuries, regional samurai lords strengthened their power and raised banners with the name of the deity they believed in written above their family crest. [This article received the award for best presentation at the congress.]

国际旗帜学协会联合会主席致开 Opening Remarks from the President of FIAV

本文介绍了自1965年以来，每隔两年在全球各 地举办的30届旗帜学大会（ICV）。分析了历届 ICV所发表论文的主题分类和特性，并把这些论 文分为15类旗帜学研究。这些类别是通过累积 已发表的论文本身所涵盖的主题来定义的，提 供了该学科研究的多功能性的衡量标准。ICV论 文是旗帜学研究的最高峰，构成了受人尊敬的 全球旗帜学知识体系，成为今天和未来旗帜学 家的学术数据宝库和进一步研究的基础。 This paper explores the 30 International Congresses of Vexillology (ICVs) held in various locations around the globe under FIAV sponsorship every other year since 1965 and analyzes the proceedings produced after these congresses. The papers presented at ICVs and published in their proceedings probably represent the highest peak of published vexillological research and constitute a respectable body of global vexillological knowledge and a trove of scholarly data for vexillologists of today and tomorrow upon which to base further research. The paper analyzes the ICVs by number of participants, participating countries, and represented continents, providing an indication of the state of development of vexillology as a discipline world-wide. The published papers are analyzed by total volume (number of pages), number of papers, and languages used. The authors of papers are also considered by number of papers, pages, and participation in the ICVs. The papers published are sorted into 15 categories of vexillological research—the categories were defined by cumulating the topics covered by the published papers themselves, providing a measure of the versatility of research in the discipline.

1977 年 12 月 6 日，博普塔茨瓦纳成为南非十个 所谓的“家园”（或班图斯坦）中第二个接受 “独立”的地区。根据当时南非的种族隔离政 策，家园是专门为特定种族的人设立的地区。 博普塔茨瓦纳是南非茨瓦纳语族的专属领土。 尽管没有得到国际认可，博普塔茨瓦纳实际上 是一个拥有自己旗帜、国徽、国歌以及其他主 权象征的政治实体。本文聚焦于1977年至1994 年间，博普塔茨瓦纳政府在其名义上的独立国 家存在期间使用的旗帜和其他主权象征。 在南非首次全民普选后，种族隔离政策正式结 束，博普塔茨瓦纳作为一个独立的政治实体停 止存在，并在1994年4月27日重新并入南非。 On 6 December 1977 Bophuthatswana became the second of South Africa’s ten so-called Homelands (or Bantustans) to accept independence’. In terms of South Africa’s policy of apartheid then in force, the Homelands were areas set aside for people of a specific ethnicity. Bophuthatswana was the territory reserved for the Tswana-speaking people of South Africa. Despite not being internationally recognised, Bophuthatswana was a de facto political entity with its own flag, coat of arms, anthem, and other symbolic trappings of sovereignty. This paper focuses on the flags and other symbols of sovereignty used by the Government of Bophuthatswana during its existence as a nominally independent state between 1977 and 1994. Following South Africa’s first universal adult suffrage elections which formally ended apartheid, Bophuthatswana ceased to exist as a separate political entity and was re-incorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994.

论文介绍了比利时国旗和国徽及其演变，以及 皇家、海军、陆军、空军、国防部、特别民用 旗、军旗和飞行员召唤旗等其他象征。 This paper describes the Belgian national flag and coat of arms and its evolution together with other symbols such as the Royal, Navy, Army, Air Force, Ministry of Defense, special civil ensign, jack, and call for a pilot flags.

海南自由贸易港建设，给国旗教育带来新的机 遇。旗帜是世界共通的语言，是世界文明交流 互鉴的载体。我们愿意与北京新风旗帜中心一 道，和世界各国旗帜学家密切联系，为推动中 国青少年学习旗帜文化，促进世界各国青少年 旗帜文化交流交往，做出新的积极贡献。 The construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port presents new opportunities to national flag education. As flags are a universal language and a carrier of global cultural exchange, we are eager to work closely with the Vexillological Research Center of China and flag scholars from around the world, contributing positively to the promotion of flag culture among Chinese youth and the exchange of flag culture among youth worldwide.

第一次世界大战以及《圣日耳曼条约》、《凡 尔赛条约》和《特里亚农条约》之后，罗马尼 亚王国希望在其象征中反映其领土扩张。国王 费迪南德一世任命特兰西瓦尼亚匈牙利纹章学 家约瑟夫·科佩奇齐·塞贝斯蒂安（他在1915年为 奥匈帝国内的匈牙利王国绘制了国徽）来设计 新的国徽。罗马尼亚王国的扩增国徽于1921年 被采纳。费迪南德国王还委托约瑟夫·科佩奇齐· 塞贝斯蒂安设计王室家族的旗帜。王室成员的 旗帜：国王、王后、王储以及王子和公主的旗 帜，由1922年5月5日官方公报的皇家谕令公 布。这些旗帜各不相同，但它们共同拥有一个 纹章元素，即没有大盾徽的小盾徽。 After the First World War and the Treaties of Saint-Germain, Versailles, and Trianon, the Kingdom of Romania sought to reflect its expansion in its symbols. King Ferdinand I appointed Transylvanian Hungarian heraldist József Keöpeczi Sebestyén—who had drawn the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1915—to create the new coat of arms. The augmented coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania was adopted in 1921. King Ferdinand commissioned the Royal Family’s flag designs from the same József Keöpeczi Sebestyén. The Royal Decree adopted the flags of the members of the Royal Family: King, Queen, Heir to the Throne, and Royal Princes and Princesses, published in the Official Gazette of 5 May 1922. These flags were different, but they had in common the heraldic element of the small coat of arms without the great escutcheon.

Presents full text of the papers presented to the 24th International Congress of Vexillology in Washington, DC (2011).