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Priručnik o osnovnim heraldičkim pojmovima koji se koriste u blazoniranju – stručnom opisivanju grbova. A manual about the basic heraldic terms used in blazonry – the professional description of coats of arms.

随着全球化的推进，各国间的文化交流变得日 益频繁。旗帜符号作为一种象征，承载着丰富 的历史和文化内涵，它们能够跨越语言和文化 的障碍，传达出深刻的历史和文化内涵。为了 更好地传播旗帜文化，文章深刻阐述旗帜吉祥 物的设计理念与文化脉络，同时从实际案例的 角度出发探索旗帜吉祥物应用创新与理论创 新。旗帜吉祥物作为文化交流的使者，它有望 推动全球旗帜应用的创新与发展，也有望为国 际关系的和谐与民心相通贡献力量。 《中华人民共和国旗帜吉祥物》是以北京天安 门广场升起仪式为意象，以天安门城楼标语： “中华人民共和国万岁·世界人民大团结万岁” 为创作语境；以“祝福祖国 热爱国旗”为主 题；以五星红旗、太阳、光芒、星球等元素创 作的拟动物手法塑造了吉祥物。是世界人民大 团结旗帜吉祥物之一。 With the advancement of globalization, cultural exchanges between countries have become increasingly frequent. As a symbol, the flag symbol carries rich historical and cultural connotations, which can transcend language and cultural barriers and convey profound historical and cultural connotations. In order to better spread flag culture, this paper profoundly expounds the design concept and cultural context of the flag mascot, and at the same time explores the application innovation and theoretical innovation of the flag mascot from the perspective of practical cases. As the messenger of cultural exchange, the flag mascot is expected to promote the innovation and development of global flag application, and also to contribute to the harmony of international relations and the connection between people. The proposed “Flag Mascot of the People’s Republic of China” is based on the image of the flag-raising ceremony in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, and the slogan on the Tiananmen Gate: “Long Live the People’s Republic of China, Long Live the Great Unity of the People of the World” is used as the creation context; with “Bless the Motherland, Love the National Flag” as the theme; the mascot is created in an anthropomorphic way with elements such as the five-star red flag, the sun, light, and planets. It is one of the flag mascots of the great unity of the people of the world.

我们很高兴分享印度旗帜学协会的发展历程— —它从一项教育倡议起步，如今已成为推动全 国性运动的重要力量。我们的努力折射出印度 各地对旗帜日益增长的关注，而参与“家家有 三色旗”运动则是这一历程的重要里程碑。我 们认为，当下正是在印度更广泛普及旗帜学的 理想时机，并在此分享我们实现这一目标的愿 景。 We are excited to share the journey of the Indian Vexillological Association, which has grown from an educational initiative into a driving force in a national movement. Our efforts reflect the increasing interest in flags across India, culminating in our participation in the Har Ghar Tiranga campaign. We believe this is the ideal moment to introduce vexillology more prominently in India, and we share our vision for achieving it.

国旗是国家的标志和象征，升国旗奏唱国歌代 表着获奖国家的尊严。升旗仪式是奥运会的重 大礼仪，首要礼仪，是超越体育成绩的体现举 办国政治与文化的标志性仪式。从奥运村、残 奥村欢迎仪式升旗，到奥运会、残奥会开幕式 闭幕式升旗，到奥运会、残奥会比赛场馆的颁 奖升旗，升旗仪式贯穿奥运会全过程，其重要 性历来得到组委会的高度重视。 上述升旗仪式中最复杂的是颁奖升旗仪式，是 颁奖仪式中涉及国家主权尊严的大事，是颁奖 仪式有政治性的核心重点。颁奖升旗涉及国 旗、旗杆装置、场馆、升旗手等众多设备、诸 多要素，有很多的不可确定性，一旦出现任何 纰漏都会造成无法挽回的重大影响。 赵新风为北京奥运会设计了“中国式”颁奖升 旗仪式，对升旗装置、升旗程序、升旗动作等 进行明确规范，并培训194名颁奖升旗手。之 后，北京奥运会的升旗仪式及规范，广泛应用 于中国主办的国际赛事升旗仪式中。赵新风也 担任升旗专家负责培训这些国际比赛的升旗 手，本文以这些国际赛事颁奖升旗仪式为范 例，讲述颁奖升旗系统工作和规范。 The national flag is the symbol of a country, and raising it while playing the national anthem represents the dignity of the country. The flag-raising ceremony is a significant and primary ritual of the Olympic Games, embodying the politics and culture of the host country beyond athletic achievements. From the welcoming ceremonies, to the opening and closing ceremonies, and to the medal-award ceremonies at the venues of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, flag-raising runs throughout, and its importance has always been highly valued by the International Olympic Committee. The most complex events among Olympic flag-raising ceremonies are the medal awards, which involve national sovereignty and dignity in the ceremony and can be politically significant. The flag-raising during medal award ceremonies involves extensive equipment and elements such as national flags, flagpole devices, venues, and flag-raisers, which have many uncertainties. Therefore, any mistake and negligence may cause irreparable and significant impacts. Zhao Xinfeng designed the “Chinese-style” medal-awards flag-raising ceremony for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, standardizing the flag-raising devices, procedures, and actions, and training 194 flag-raisers for the ceremony. Since then, the Beijing Olympic Games’ flag-raising ceremony and its specifications has been widely adopted for international events hosted by China. Zhao Xinfeng also served as a flag-raising expert responsible for training flag-raisers for these international events. This article uses the flag-raising in the award ceremonies of these international events as examples to illustrate the workings and specifications of the flag-raising system.

习近平旗帜思想，是习近平中国特色社会主义 思想的重要内涵和生动实践。是习近平强军思 想、习近平外交思想、习近平法治思想、习近 平文化思想在党旗党建、爱国主义、国旗法 规、旗帜礼仪、升旗仪式、军事旗帜、旗帜文 化、国际交往等方面的有机统一和形象展现。 习近平旗帜思想形成于爱国升旗的日常工作 中，升华于北京奥运会颁奖升旗，风行于世界 旗帜学大会，展现在亲自为军种和警察授旗， 振奋在天安门阅兵旗帜方队，壮大在天安门广 场升旗改革，体现在对升旗手的关爱，规范了 全国学校升旗仪式，引领了国旗文化传播弘 扬，推动了国旗法修正，实现升旗仪式港澳台 全覆盖，让党旗在基层一线高高飘扬，是“两 个确立”的旗帜解读，是“两个维护”的旗帜 执行指南，为各级领导干部学习实践提供了全 方位的指向引领。 Xi Jinping’s thinking on flags is an organic unity and vivid manifestation of his ideas on strengthening the military, diplomacy, rule of law, and culture, as reflected in patriotism, national flag regulations, flag etiquette, flag-raising ceremonies, military flags, flag culture, and international exchanges. Xi Jinping’s thinking on flags was first formed through the routine work of patriotic flag-raising, elevated during the flag-raising at the Beijing Olympics award ceremonies, popularized at International Congress of Vexillology, and displayed when he personally presented flags to military branches and the police. It was invigorated during Tiananmen Square military parade flag formations, expanded during the reforms of the Tiananmen Square flag-raising ceremony, and is evident in his care for flag-bearers. It has standardized the flag-raising ceremonies in schools across the country, led the promotion of national flag culture, driven the amendment of the National Flag Law, extended the flag-raising ceremonies to Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, and provided comprehensive guidance for leaders at all levels to learn and practice.

旗帜者，崇拜信仰，政治主张，人心凝聚，前 进指向也。自古开国君王，兴举义兵之始，无 不建旗树纛，昭告天下，聚合民心，扫除弊 政，得以改天换地，治国安邦。而开国立基者 亲手升起国旗，翻看几千年中华史册，唯有中 国人民解放军、中国共产党、中华人民共和国 的主要缔造者和领导人毛泽东主席。 A flag represents adoration, political advocacy, unity of hearts, and direction for progress. Since ancient times, when founding emperors began to raise righteous armies, they invariably adopted flags and ban- ners to proclaim to the world, rally the people’s support, and eliminate maladministration—thus changing the world and governing the country securely. Among the founders of nations and dynasties throughout thousands of years of Chinese history, it was only Chairman Mao Zedong, the main founder and leader of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the Communist Party of China, and the People’s Republic of China, who personally raised the national flag.

《中华旗帜文明起源初探》，是2013年我首次 参加25届鹿特丹世界旗帜学大会的演讲。经过 十多年的不断研究，又有许多新发现和新成 果。在2024第30届北京世界旗帜学大会上，做 进一步的论述。 中国是世界上已知最早使用旗帜的国家，史料 记载和出土文物均有准确记载。周朝建立后， 《周礼》对国旗、藩旗、军旗的等级、样式和 使用等进行了规范，确立了世界上最早的旗帜 礼仪和法律，标志着世界旗帜文化的起源。 三千多年来，中国礼仪文化和旗帜文化的蓬勃 发展，都与《周礼》息息相关。 中国旗帜文化也对世界各国的旗帜文化产生了 深远的影响。 In 2013, I delivered a presentation titled “A Preliminary Exploration of the Origins of Chinese Flag Culture” at the 25th International Congress of Vexillology in Rotterdam. After over a decade of continued research, new discoveries and findings have emerged, which I will further elaborate on here. China is the earliest country in the world known to use flags, with historical records and unearthed artifacts providing accurate evidence. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, the Rites of Zhou for- malized regulations regarding the ranks, designs, and usage of national flags, vassal flags, and military flags, establishing the world’s earliest flag protocol and laws, marking the origin of global flag culture. For over 3,000 years, the flourishing development of Chinese ceremonial and flag culture has adhered to the Rites of Zhou. Chinese flag culture has also exerted a profound influence on flags worldwide.

日本和中国历史上有军旗主要用汉字书写。中 世纪日本的军旗上写有神名的汉字，例如八幡 大菩萨，比写有家族徽章的武士旗帜更宽，并 通过宗教仪式赋予神的力量。写有神名的幕府 将军或天皇的旗帜被称为御旗，具有政治作用 使武士的战斗正当化。 根据 1461 年多贺高忠所著的《军事记录》，最 高指挥官和指挥官会举起旗帜，旗帜上写着神 的名字，下方是他的家族徽章。随着幕府将军 和天皇的政府权力在 15 和 16 世纪逐渐减弱， 武士领主增强了他们的权力并举起了旗帜，在 家族徽章上方写有他们所信仰的神灵的名字。 [本文荣获本次大会最佳演讲奖。] Historically both Japan and China had military flags with Chinese characters (kanji in Japanese) written on them. Medieval Japanese military banners with the kanji name of a deity, such as Great Bodhisattva Hachiman (八幡大菩薩), gained the power of the deity by religious ritual. They were twice as wide as the 13th century samurai banners with the family crest (mon). That deity-name-written banner of the shogun or the emperor was called a mihata and had a political role to justify battle with samurai. According to The Military Note, 《多賀高忠軍陣聞書》, written by Takatada Taga in 1461, the supreme commander and commanding officer raised his banner with the name of the deity written above his family crest. As the governmental power of both shogun and emperor gradually weakened in the 15th and 16th centuries, regional samurai lords strengthened their power and raised banners with the name of the deity they believed in written above their family crest. [This article received the award for best presentation at the congress.]

中国国旗升挂方式，与许多国家手捧折叠不 同。是把国旗平整扎在国旗挂杆上，由旗手把 挂杆和国旗一起固定在旗绳上，再用电动或手 动方式升起。 由于没有明确的国家标准和技术要求，导致市 场上销售的国旗，很多不适用于升旗仪式。升 旗仪式前，旗手需要把国旗套一端剪开，穿过 挂旗杆后，再用胶带等固定才能升旗。这些行 为，造成对国旗的人为破损。 赵新风在常年升降国旗、培训升旗手过程中， 发现这一问题根本是国旗悬挂方式不规范。经 多年研究，多次定制样旗，不断改进，终于在 2021年研制出“升旗仪式专用国旗”。 2022年元旦，赵新风把第一面升旗仪式专用国 旗，赠送给开山岛民兵哨所，并由名誉所长王 仕花和守岛民兵一起在开山岛升起。2022年国 庆节，台湾人民共产党主席林德旺在台南举行 升起五星红旗仪式，升旗仪式专用国旗第一次 升起在台湾上空。 The way the Chinese national flag is raised is different from that of many other countries, where the flag is often carried and folded by hand. In China, the national flag is first neatly tied onto a flagmast (a form of batten the height of the hoist), after which the flag bearer attaches the flagmast and the flag together to the flag halyard. The flag is then raised using either a motorized or manual mechanism. Due to the lack of clear national standards and technical requirements, many national flags sold on the market are not suitable for flag-raising ceremonies. Before the ceremony, flag raisers have to cut open the upper end of the flagpole sleeve in order to insert the flagmast and affix the flag with tape or threads to hoist the flag. These practices often damage the flag. Through years of raising and lowering the national flag and training flag-raisers, Zhao Xinfeng identified the root cause of this issue: the lack of specific standards in flag manufacturing. After years of research, numerous custom prototypes, and continuous improvements, he finally developed the “National Flag Customized for Flag-Raising Ceremonies” in 2021. On New Year’s Day, 2022, Zhao Xinfeng presented the first customized national flag for flag-raising ceremonies to the militia post of Kaishan Island, where it was raised by Honorary Director Wang Shihua and the militia guarding the island. On the National Day in 2022, a flag-raising ceremony was held in Tainan by Lin Dewang, the chairman of Taiwan People’s Communist Party, in which the customized flag was raised for the first time over Chinese Taiwan.

新中国第一面国旗仅用了三天就缝制完成。作 者的父亲当年是一名 28 岁的中共党员和公司供 销科职员，他监制了一面特殊的国旗。这面国 旗用难得一见的黄蚕丝制作，1949 年 10 月 1 日 开国大典上，毛主席在天安门广场首次升起。 这面五星红旗高 3.4 米，长 4.6 米，现陈列在中 国国家博物馆。 The first national flag of new China was completed in just three days. The author’s father, a 28-year-old Communist party member and factory foreman, supervised its creation, organizing the craftsmen and procuring the hard-to-find yellow mulberry silk needed for the stars. The flag first flew on October 1, 1949, raised in Tiananmen Square by signal of Chairman Mao. The red flag with five yellow stars, 3.4 meters high and 4.6 meters long, is now on display at the National Museum in Beijing.

数个世纪以来，日本在历史发展过程中形成了 多种染色工艺。其中一种传统工艺名为“印 染”，它通过模版将家纹图案和其他图案印制 到织物上。尽管如今许多织物制造方法已实现 机械自动化，但仍有上百家制造商保留着传统 工艺。本文描述了作者在染色工匠指导下，亲 身体验的应用于旗帜制作的“印染”工艺，以 及该工艺的色彩还原精度。 Various dyeing techniques have been developed over many centuries throughout Japanese history. One of these traditional techniques, known as shirushi-zome, is used to apply kamon family crest marks and other materials with patterns of stencils to fabrics. Although many fabric manufacturing methods have been automated by machinery, about a hundred manufacturers maintain their traditional techniques. This paper describes shirushi-zome as applied to flag manufacturing (which the author actually experienced under the guidance of a dyeing craftsman) and explores color reproduction accuracy.

论文介绍了比利时国旗和国徽及其演变，以及 皇家、海军、陆军、空军、国防部、特别民用 旗、军旗和飞行员召唤旗等其他象征。 This paper describes the Belgian national flag and coat of arms and its evolution together with other symbols such as the Royal, Navy, Army, Air Force, Ministry of Defense, special civil ensign, jack, and call for a pilot flags.

拉玛一世国王的暹罗（现泰国）旗帜在红色背 景上绘有白色轮毂（轮状带刃投掷武器）。 1817 年，一本法国航海书籍刊登了错误的旗帜 描述和图片，将轮毂替换为黄色太阳。这一错 误似乎在西方旗帜图表中传播开来。 King Rama I’s flag for Siam (now Thailand) bore a white chakra (wheel-shaped bladed throwing weapon) on a red background. In 1817, a French maritime book printed an erroneous description and image of the flag, replacing the chakra with a yellow sun. This error appears to have propagated through Western flag charts.

我的发言是从国博馆藏和《古代中国》、《复 兴之路》陈列展出的的30余件旗帜文物溯源中 国旗帜的起源和发展，证明：中国是世界上最 早使用旗帜的国家之 。 坐落在北京天安门广场东侧的中国国家博物馆 （以下简称国博）占地7万平方米，建筑面积近 20万平方米，是世界上单体建筑面积最大的博 物馆。其藏品有143万余件，涵盖历史文物、艺 术品等多种门类。其中旗帜文物约2000件，包 括国旗、军旗、单位行业旗、奖旗等，以及描 绘记载旗帜的文物。 This article traces the origin and development of Chinese flags through the collection of over 30 flag cultural relics in the National Museum of China and through the exhibition “Ancient China and the Road to Rejuvenation”, proving that China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use flags. The National Museum of China, located on the east side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing, covers an area of 70,000 square meters and has a building area of nearly 200,000 square meters, making it the largest museum in the world in terms of individual building area. Its collection consists of over 1.43 million items, covering various categories such as historical relics and artworks. Among them are about 2,000 material cultural relics relating to flags, including national flags, military flags, unit industry flags, and award flags, as well as cultural relics depicting and recording flags.

第一次世界大战以及《圣日耳曼条约》、《凡 尔赛条约》和《特里亚农条约》之后，罗马尼 亚王国希望在其象征中反映其领土扩张。国王 费迪南德一世任命特兰西瓦尼亚匈牙利纹章学 家约瑟夫·科佩奇齐·塞贝斯蒂安（他在1915年为 奥匈帝国内的匈牙利王国绘制了国徽）来设计 新的国徽。罗马尼亚王国的扩增国徽于1921年 被采纳。费迪南德国王还委托约瑟夫·科佩奇齐· 塞贝斯蒂安设计王室家族的旗帜。王室成员的 旗帜：国王、王后、王储以及王子和公主的旗 帜，由1922年5月5日官方公报的皇家谕令公 布。这些旗帜各不相同，但它们共同拥有一个 纹章元素，即没有大盾徽的小盾徽。 After the First World War and the Treaties of Saint-Germain, Versailles, and Trianon, the Kingdom of Romania sought to reflect its expansion in its symbols. King Ferdinand I appointed Transylvanian Hungarian heraldist József Keöpeczi Sebestyén—who had drawn the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1915—to create the new coat of arms. The augmented coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania was adopted in 1921. King Ferdinand commissioned the Royal Family’s flag designs from the same József Keöpeczi Sebestyén. The Royal Decree adopted the flags of the members of the Royal Family: King, Queen, Heir to the Throne, and Royal Princes and Princesses, published in the Official Gazette of 5 May 1922. These flags were different, but they had in common the heraldic element of the small coat of arms without the great escutcheon.

虽然近代中国的国旗历史可以追溯到清朝末 年，但其国旗法首次通过是在1990年。此后， 中国国旗法经过两次修订，最近一次是在2020 年，其规定比其他制定国旗法的国家更为有 力。该法共24条，涵盖了五星红旗的意义、五 星红旗的大小、悬挂方式、防止五星红旗被不 尊重和被商业使用以及升旗的规则，明确了法 律的监督机构，并阐明了其在宣传和教育中的 作用。与其他一些国家不同，该法具有普遍 性、约束力，并带有强制执行条款。 While China’s national flag history goes back to the late Qing Dynasty, its national flag law was first adopted in 1990. Amended twice since, most recently in 2020, its provisions are more forceful than those in many other countries with flag laws. Its 24 articles cover the significance of the five-star red flag, its sizes, its display, its protection from disrespect and commercial use, and protocols for raising it, specifying the supervisory authority for the law and clarifying its role in publicity and education. Unlike in some other countries, the law is universal, binding, and carries enforcement provisions.

本文探讨了英国人对待国旗普遍相当放松的态 度。英国没有具体的国旗法，但英国法律的许 多其他分支都与国旗有关。这些包括宪法、纹 章法、刑法、版权法、标准法、道路交通法、 军事法、海事法、教会法、消费者保护法、外 交法和土地使用规划法。本文对每一项进行了 探讨，并最后得出了一些想法，即英国人对国 旗的态度可能揭示了该国的集体性格。 This paper explores how the British generally have a quite relaxed attitude towards their flag. There is no specific national flag law in England, but many other branches of English law have a bearing on flags. These include constitutional, heraldic, criminal, copyright, standards, road traffic, military, maritime, ecclesiastical, consumer protection, diplomatic and land use planning law. This paper explores each of these, and concludes with some thoughts on what the British attitude to flags may reveal about the country's collective personality.

环境能影响着事物结果，比如，人类是地理环 境的产物。在中国，环境有一个专有名词–风 水。载有色彩和图案旗帜也能构成风水。比 如，在美国内战中，擎有蓝旗的一方总是胜利 者。蓝色是蓝天的颜色，那里是上帝驻留的地 方。旗帜的混合色彩为紫色的总是拥有权力和 胜利一方。 比如，英美法俄能够成为联合国常 任理事国和世界强国，在两次世界大战中免于 失败。而混合色彩为粉色的日本和土耳其总是 失败的一方。由于意大利的旗帜混合色彩为灰 色，不能成为一流强国。德国和巴勒斯坦旗帜 顶部置有黑色色带，使德国失败于两次世界大 战，使巴勒斯坦接近亡国。因此，旗帜色彩和 图案制约着国家兴衰。 *** 中文编辑说明：林东提交的ICV30大会演讲稿分 为两部分内容，第一部分为风水和地理，与ICV 宗旨不完全符合。故论文集只收录与旗帜学术 有关的第二部分。 The environment can influence outcomes, for example, humanity is a product of the geographical environment. In China, the environment has a specialized term—feng shui. Flags bearing colors and patterns can also create feng shui. For instance, in the American Civil War, the side carrying the blue flag was victorious, as blue represents the color of the sky, where God resides. In flags, those with a purple mixed color are often associated with power and victory. For example, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and Russia, as United Nations permanent members and world powers, avoided defeat in both World Wars. Conversely, Japan and Turkey, whose mixed flag colors produce pink, were often on the losing side. Italy, with a gray mixed color in its flag, has not achieved the status of a leading world power. Germany and Palestine both have black stripes at the top of their flags, which con tributed to Germany’s defeat in both World Wars and Palestine’s near loss of its statehood. Thus, the colors and patterns on flags influence the rise and fall of nations. *** Editor's Note: Lin Dong’s paper was divided into two parts. The first part, concerning feng shui and geography, does not fully comply with the ICV’s mission. Therefore, only the second part, which is related to academic vexillology, has been included in the proceedings here.

1977 年 12 月 6 日，博普塔茨瓦纳成为南非十个 所谓的“家园”（或班图斯坦）中第二个接受 “独立”的地区。根据当时南非的种族隔离政 策，家园是专门为特定种族的人设立的地区。 博普塔茨瓦纳是南非茨瓦纳语族的专属领土。 尽管没有得到国际认可，博普塔茨瓦纳实际上 是一个拥有自己旗帜、国徽、国歌以及其他主 权象征的政治实体。本文聚焦于1977年至1994 年间，博普塔茨瓦纳政府在其名义上的独立国 家存在期间使用的旗帜和其他主权象征。 在南非首次全民普选后，种族隔离政策正式结 束，博普塔茨瓦纳作为一个独立的政治实体停 止存在，并在1994年4月27日重新并入南非。 On 6 December 1977 Bophuthatswana became the second of South Africa’s ten so-called Homelands (or Bantustans) to accept independence’. In terms of South Africa’s policy of apartheid then in force, the Homelands were areas set aside for people of a specific ethnicity. Bophuthatswana was the territory reserved for the Tswana-speaking people of South Africa. Despite not being internationally recognised, Bophuthatswana was a de facto political entity with its own flag, coat of arms, anthem, and other symbolic trappings of sovereignty. This paper focuses on the flags and other symbols of sovereignty used by the Government of Bophuthatswana during its existence as a nominally independent state between 1977 and 1994. Following South Africa’s first universal adult suffrage elections which formally ended apartheid, Bophuthatswana ceased to exist as a separate political entity and was re-incorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994.