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布鲁斯·贝利, and Bruce Berry. 2025. “博普塔茨瓦纳的旗帜与象征 (1972 –1994) / The Flags and Symbols of Bophuthatswana (1972–1994).” In Proceedings of the 30th International Congress of Vexillology. Beijing, China. August 2024 / 大会学术论文集: 第30届国际旗帜完学, 中国北京 2024年8月, edited by 赵新风, Zhao Xinfeng, 爱德华, and Edward B. Kaye. ICV Proceedings, ICV 30. 中国旗帜学研究中⼼ / Vexillology Research Center of China (VRCC). https://fiav.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/ICV30-10-Berry-Bophuthatswana.pdf.

1977 年 12 月 6 日，博普塔茨瓦纳成为南非十个所谓的“家园”（或班图斯坦）中第二个接受 “独立”的地区。根据当时南非的种族隔离政策，家园是专门为特定种族的人设立的地区。博普塔茨瓦纳是南非茨瓦纳语族的专属领土。尽管没有得到国际认可，博普塔茨瓦纳实际上是一个拥有自己旗帜、国徽、国歌以及其他主权象征的政治实体。本文聚焦于1977年至1994 年间，博普塔茨瓦纳政府在其名义上的独立国家存在期间使用的旗帜和其他主权象征。在南非首次全民普选后，种族隔离政策正式结束，博普塔茨瓦纳作为一个独立的政治实体停止存在，并在1994年4月27日重新并入南非。 On 6 December 1977 Bophuthatswana became the second of South Africa’s ten so-called Homelands (or Bantustans) to accept independence’. In terms of South Africa’s policy of apartheid then in force, the Homelands were areas set aside for people of a specific ethnicity. Bophuthatswana was the territory reserved for the Tswana-speaking people of South Africa. Despite not being internationally recognised, Bophuthatswana was a de facto political entity with its own flag, coat of arms, anthem, and other symbolic trappings of sovereignty. This paper focuses on the flags and other symbols of sovereignty used by the Government of Bophuthatswana during its existence as a nominally independent state between 1977 and 1994. Following South Africa’s first universal adult suffrage elections which formally ended apartheid, Bophuthatswana ceased to exist as a separate political entity and was re-incorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994.

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Crampton, William. 1994. “Flags as Non-Verbal Symbols in the Management of National Identity.” PhD thesis, The University of Manchester (United Kingdom). not available online.

The object of this thesis is to demonstrate that non-verbal symbols, and in particular national flags, have an essential part in the establishment and management of national identity. It is contended that political legitimacy is derived in part from the national self-presentation and that this presentation can be managed by exploiting the full rangeof the national panoply, i.e., the full range of non-verbal symbols available. In terms of penetration and reciprocation as they form a discourse between the elite and the population flags and related items form a body of material that is easy to handle and to comprehend. But they are also capable of being charged with affective overtones which require care and skill in handling. Key concepts with regard to symbols as hitherto dealt with in social science will be derived from a number of authors who have dealt with the nature of identity and identity crises as part of the modernisation process applicable to nation states. These include Edelman and Pye and the contributors to the 'Crises and Sequences' school of political science. In addition the work of Mosse, Firth, Weitman, Zelinsky, Hobsbawm and Ranger, and other authors who have come closest to the subject under review, will also be examined for contributions in the form of concepts and analytical tools. Also to be examined is the work of modern professional image-makers operating in the commercial world to see what techniques and methods they can deploy successfully. The next stage will be to examine three major identity crises, as exemplified by the American, French and Russian Revolutions to see what efforts, if any, were made by the elite to control and shape their self-presentation and what reciprocation they evinced from their populations.
Brownell, Frederick Gordon. 1989. “New Southern African Flags.” In Report of the 12th International Congress of Vexillology, edited by Whitney Smith. ICV Proceedings / The Flag Bulletin, ICV 12 / FB volume 28 #1-4, no. 130. Flag Research Center (FRC).
Brownell, Frederick Gordon. 1987. “Historic Flags of South Africa.” Comunicaciones al XI Congreso Internacional de Vexilología, ICV Proceedings, 308–14. https://web.archive.org/web/20221127195954/https://fiav.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/11-30-Brownell.pdf.

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Croft, James. 1980. “Vexillological Research in South and East Africa.” In Report of the Seventh International Congress of Vexillology, edited by Whitney Smith. ICV Proceedings / The Flag Bulletin, ICV 07 / FB volume 19 #3-5 (1980), no. 84. Flag Research Center (FRC).
Punt, W. H. J. 1966. “A History of the Flags of South-Africa.” Receuil des discours banistiques à l’occasion du premier Congrès International de l’Etude Scientifique des Drapeaux, le 4me et 5me septembre à Muiderberg, Pays-Bas, ICV Proceedings, 26–35. International Congresses of Vexillology (FIAV website). https://fiav.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ICV01-06-1966-Muiderberg-Punt-pp026-035.pdf.

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Bartlett, Ralph G. C. 2011. “Unity in Flags.” Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011, ICV Proceedings, 27–39. NAVA Digital Library. https://www.nava.org/digital-library/icv24bartlett.pdf.

Over the centuries flags have, and are, being used to show unity. This can take the form of unity between peoples, countries, alliances, and organisations. The purpose of this paper is to give a general review of the design development of these “flags of unity”. From their origins in heraldic royal banners, then national flags, born of unification, and on to flags of alliances, liberation, and more recently international co-operation, flags with unity as their central design theme are as varied as the peoples, countries, and groups they represent.

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Berry, Bruce. 2011. “Stillborn—Flags Designed for the ‘Republic of KwaNdebele.’” Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011, ICV Proceedings, 40–54. NAVA Digital Library. https://www.nava.org/digital-library/icv24berry.pdf.

KwaNdebele was a self-governing Homeland in apartheid South Africa which indicated in 1982 that it would follow some of the Homelands and move towards “full independence”. However, internal strife and unrest within the Homeland delayed the scheduled move towards independence. The wider political developments in South Africa after 1990 and the negotiations which led to the end of apartheid and the adoption of a new Interim Constitution in South Africa halted these developments and KwaNdebele ceased to exist in April 1994. This paper describes and illustrates the flags that were designed for use by the government and officials of the proposed “Republic of KwaNdebele” as it prepared for independence from South Africa in the late 1980s.

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Burton, Tony. 2011. “Raising the Standard: An Argument from Design.” Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011, ICV Proceedings, 83–113. NAVA Digital Library. https://www.nava.org/digital-library/icv24burton.pdf.

The creative process and principles informing the design of some special purpose and other flags lead to conclusions for flag design in general. The dynamics of metaphor and shapeshifting are considered. The scope for greater pageantry and innovation in flag design is explored. Current national flags of complex or awkward design present a challenge. Possible remedies are suggested. To paraphrase a famous utterance, the known delivers the unknown, and as at least one national flag of recent vintage demonstrates, the unknown can lead to an unforeseen, but serendipitous result. Among the many instances of how not to design a flag, how to is more worthwhile. Vexillologists have higher standards.

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Last update from database: 11/14/26, 4:16 AM (UTC)

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