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第一次世界大战以及《圣日耳曼条约》、《凡 尔赛条约》和《特里亚农条约》之后，罗马尼 亚王国希望在其象征中反映其领土扩张。国王 费迪南德一世任命特兰西瓦尼亚匈牙利纹章学 家约瑟夫·科佩奇齐·塞贝斯蒂安（他在1915年为 奥匈帝国内的匈牙利王国绘制了国徽）来设计 新的国徽。罗马尼亚王国的扩增国徽于1921年 被采纳。费迪南德国王还委托约瑟夫·科佩奇齐· 塞贝斯蒂安设计王室家族的旗帜。王室成员的 旗帜：国王、王后、王储以及王子和公主的旗 帜，由1922年5月5日官方公报的皇家谕令公 布。这些旗帜各不相同，但它们共同拥有一个 纹章元素，即没有大盾徽的小盾徽。 After the First World War and the Treaties of Saint-Germain, Versailles, and Trianon, the Kingdom of Romania sought to reflect its expansion in its symbols. King Ferdinand I appointed Transylvanian Hungarian heraldist József Keöpeczi Sebestyén—who had drawn the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1915—to create the new coat of arms. The augmented coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania was adopted in 1921. King Ferdinand commissioned the Royal Family’s flag designs from the same József Keöpeczi Sebestyén. The Royal Decree adopted the flags of the members of the Royal Family: King, Queen, Heir to the Throne, and Royal Princes and Princesses, published in the Official Gazette of 5 May 1922. These flags were different, but they had in common the heraldic element of the small coat of arms without the great escutcheon.

虽然近代中国的国旗历史可以追溯到清朝末 年，但其国旗法首次通过是在1990年。此后， 中国国旗法经过两次修订，最近一次是在2020 年，其规定比其他制定国旗法的国家更为有 力。该法共24条，涵盖了五星红旗的意义、五 星红旗的大小、悬挂方式、防止五星红旗被不 尊重和被商业使用以及升旗的规则，明确了法 律的监督机构，并阐明了其在宣传和教育中的 作用。与其他一些国家不同，该法具有普遍 性、约束力，并带有强制执行条款。 While China’s national flag history goes back to the late Qing Dynasty, its national flag law was first adopted in 1990. Amended twice since, most recently in 2020, its provisions are more forceful than those in many other countries with flag laws. Its 24 articles cover the significance of the five-star red flag, its sizes, its display, its protection from disrespect and commercial use, and protocols for raising it, specifying the supervisory authority for the law and clarifying its role in publicity and education. Unlike in some other countries, the law is universal, binding, and carries enforcement provisions.

本文探讨了英国人对待国旗普遍相当放松的态 度。英国没有具体的国旗法，但英国法律的许 多其他分支都与国旗有关。这些包括宪法、纹 章法、刑法、版权法、标准法、道路交通法、 军事法、海事法、教会法、消费者保护法、外 交法和土地使用规划法。本文对每一项进行了 探讨，并最后得出了一些想法，即英国人对国 旗的态度可能揭示了该国的集体性格。 This paper explores how the British generally have a quite relaxed attitude towards their flag. There is no specific national flag law in England, but many other branches of English law have a bearing on flags. These include constitutional, heraldic, criminal, copyright, standards, road traffic, military, maritime, ecclesiastical, consumer protection, diplomatic and land use planning law. This paper explores each of these, and concludes with some thoughts on what the British attitude to flags may reveal about the country's collective personality.

环境能影响着事物结果，比如，人类是地理环 境的产物。在中国，环境有一个专有名词–风 水。载有色彩和图案旗帜也能构成风水。比 如，在美国内战中，擎有蓝旗的一方总是胜利 者。蓝色是蓝天的颜色，那里是上帝驻留的地 方。旗帜的混合色彩为紫色的总是拥有权力和 胜利一方。 比如，英美法俄能够成为联合国常 任理事国和世界强国，在两次世界大战中免于 失败。而混合色彩为粉色的日本和土耳其总是 失败的一方。由于意大利的旗帜混合色彩为灰 色，不能成为一流强国。德国和巴勒斯坦旗帜 顶部置有黑色色带，使德国失败于两次世界大 战，使巴勒斯坦接近亡国。因此，旗帜色彩和 图案制约着国家兴衰。 *** 中文编辑说明：林东提交的ICV30大会演讲稿分 为两部分内容，第一部分为风水和地理，与ICV 宗旨不完全符合。故论文集只收录与旗帜学术 有关的第二部分。 The environment can influence outcomes, for example, humanity is a product of the geographical environment. In China, the environment has a specialized term—feng shui. Flags bearing colors and patterns can also create feng shui. For instance, in the American Civil War, the side carrying the blue flag was victorious, as blue represents the color of the sky, where God resides. In flags, those with a purple mixed color are often associated with power and victory. For example, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and Russia, as United Nations permanent members and world powers, avoided defeat in both World Wars. Conversely, Japan and Turkey, whose mixed flag colors produce pink, were often on the losing side. Italy, with a gray mixed color in its flag, has not achieved the status of a leading world power. Germany and Palestine both have black stripes at the top of their flags, which con tributed to Germany’s defeat in both World Wars and Palestine’s near loss of its statehood. Thus, the colors and patterns on flags influence the rise and fall of nations. *** Editor's Note: Lin Dong’s paper was divided into two parts. The first part, concerning feng shui and geography, does not fully comply with the ICV’s mission. Therefore, only the second part, which is related to academic vexillology, has been included in the proceedings here.

1977 年 12 月 6 日，博普塔茨瓦纳成为南非十个 所谓的“家园”（或班图斯坦）中第二个接受 “独立”的地区。根据当时南非的种族隔离政 策，家园是专门为特定种族的人设立的地区。 博普塔茨瓦纳是南非茨瓦纳语族的专属领土。 尽管没有得到国际认可，博普塔茨瓦纳实际上 是一个拥有自己旗帜、国徽、国歌以及其他主 权象征的政治实体。本文聚焦于1977年至1994 年间，博普塔茨瓦纳政府在其名义上的独立国 家存在期间使用的旗帜和其他主权象征。 在南非首次全民普选后，种族隔离政策正式结 束，博普塔茨瓦纳作为一个独立的政治实体停 止存在，并在1994年4月27日重新并入南非。 On 6 December 1977 Bophuthatswana became the second of South Africa’s ten so-called Homelands (or Bantustans) to accept independence’. In terms of South Africa’s policy of apartheid then in force, the Homelands were areas set aside for people of a specific ethnicity. Bophuthatswana was the territory reserved for the Tswana-speaking people of South Africa. Despite not being internationally recognised, Bophuthatswana was a de facto political entity with its own flag, coat of arms, anthem, and other symbolic trappings of sovereignty. This paper focuses on the flags and other symbols of sovereignty used by the Government of Bophuthatswana during its existence as a nominally independent state between 1977 and 1994. Following South Africa’s first universal adult suffrage elections which formally ended apartheid, Bophuthatswana ceased to exist as a separate political entity and was re-incorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994.

新中国成立后，我国没有专职从事国旗教育的 部门和机构。常态化的兼职国旗宣讲工作，起 源于天安门国旗班，天安门广场是我国最早的 国旗宣教基地。2001年9月，北京新风旗帜文化 传播中心创办，开创我国专业的国旗教育和升 旗培训事业。 自1983年天安门国旗班开始宣讲国旗，到1991 年天安门国旗护卫队成立，在改革开放的大时 代里，中国国旗教育和升旗培训事业，在四十 多年中，从无到有，从战士兼职到专业化、机 构化；从国家和部委的法规制度条文，落实到 基层学校的教育实践；从党政军群主办组织展 览，到团中央主办学校升旗手交流展示；从开 创发展、规范普及到国际化、学术化，经历了 几个历史时期。 由于篇幅所限，本文按国旗教育项目和活动时 间先后顺序，选用笔者亲历亲为、具有引领 性、代表性的案例，兼顾地域性，供国旗教育 工作者在日常教学和研究中借鉴参考。 After the founding of People’s Republic of China, there was no dedicated department or institution responsible for flag education. Routine flag lectures began with the Tiananmen Flag Guard, with Tianan men Square being the earliest national flag education base. In September, 2001, the Beijing Xinfeng Flag Culture Communication Center was established, pioneering professional national flag education and flag-raising training. From the Tiananmen Flag Guard class lectures in 1983 to the establishment of the Tiananmen Flag Guard in 1991, national flag education and flag-raising training in China have developed over more than 40 years, evolving from part-time soldier duties to professional and institutional practices. This evolution included implementing national and ministerial regulations in grassroots schools, organizing exhibitions by various governmental and non-governmental entities, and promoting school flag-raising exchanges and exhibitions. The development process went through several historical stages, from inception and development to standardization, popularization, inter- nationalization, and academicization. Due to space limitations, this article only presents the chronological development of flag education projects and activities through the author’s personal experiences of leading them and through representative cases, considering regional diversity for reference in routine teaching and research by workers in flag education.

在过去的25年里，美国州旗的变化步伐加快 了。与此同时，旗帜专家参与这一变化的人数 有所增。我们已经分享了我们作为倡导者、创 造者、专家、评审者和过程顾问的旗帜设计专 业知识。包括乔治亚州、密西西比州、犹他州 和明尼苏达州在内的几个州已经改变了他们的 旗帜，他们采纳了NAVA（北美旗帜协会）及其 成员的指导。还有几项努力正在进行中，包括 马萨诸塞州、伊利诺伊州、缅因州、密歇根州 和新罕布什尔州。由于在美国没有中央部门管 理国旗的设计和使用，NAVA的作用是通过其出 版物、调查和成员的努力而变得更加重要。旗 帜界成员的这种参与标志着一种重大变化，我 们在大多数州旗变更时，为它在新旗帜设计提 供了更优的设计标准。 本文也发表在 2025 年 3 月的 Vexillum 第 29 期 中。 In the past 25 years, the pace of change among U.S. state flags has accelerated. Concurrently, the participation of vexillologists in that change has increased. We have shared our flag-design expertise as instigators, advocates, creators, refiners, experts, judges, and process consultants. Several states, including Georgia, Mississippi, Utah, and Minnesota, have changed their flags, reflecting and incorporating guidance from NAVA and its members. Several more efforts are under way, including Massachusetts, Illinois, Maine, Michigan, and New Hampshire. Because no central authority governs flag design and adoption in the U.S., the role of NAVA—through its publications, surveys, and members’ efforts—has become more important. This involvement by members of the vexillological community marks a significant change from the past—when we were on the outside of most state flag change—and it has delivered a higher stand- ard of flag design in new flags. [This article also appeared in Vexillum 29, March 2025.]

在2015年至2022年期间，超过300个美国城市和 城镇采用了新的或重新设计的旗帜来代表他们 的社区。2022年底，NAVA进行了一项在线调 查，要求受访者根据0至10的评分标准对这些旗 帜的设计进行评分。共有2,852名受访者（308名 NAVA成员和2,544名公众参与者）自我报告来 自90个国家（71%来自美国）；他们的年龄分布 广泛。之后，NAVA在全国范围内，特别是那些 旗帜被纳入调查的城市，发布新闻稿，获得了 广泛的媒体报道。将平均评分转换为字母等级 后，超过30%的旗帜获得了A或B，但超过60%的 旗帜获得了D或F。结果分析不仅显示了设计质 量的范围，还提供了关于设计感知如何因受访 者年龄、地点和NAVA成员身份而异的洞察。 该论文也发表在2024年 Raven 31上。 Over 300 American cities and towns are known to have adopted new or redesigned flags to represent their communities between 2015 and 2022. In late 2022, NAVA conducted an online survey asking respondents to rate those flags’ designs on a 0–10 scale. The 2,852 respondents (308 NAVA members and 2,544 public participants) self-reported from 90 countries (71% from the U.S.); their ages distributed widely. Afterwards, NAVA blanketed the country—especially the cities with flags in the survey—with press releases yielding wide media coverage. With average ratings converted to a letter grade, over 30% of the flags got an A or a B, but over 60% of the flags got a D or an F. Analysis of the results not only showed a range of design quality, but also provided insights into how perception of the designs varied across respondent ages, locations, and NAVA membership. [This article was also published in Raven 31, 2024.]

本文介绍了自1965年以来，每隔两年在全球各 地举办的30届旗帜学大会（ICV）。分析了历届 ICV所发表论文的主题分类和特性，并把这些论 文分为15类旗帜学研究。这些类别是通过累积 已发表的论文本身所涵盖的主题来定义的，提 供了该学科研究的多功能性的衡量标准。ICV论 文是旗帜学研究的最高峰，构成了受人尊敬的 全球旗帜学知识体系，成为今天和未来旗帜学 家的学术数据宝库和进一步研究的基础。 This paper explores the 30 International Congresses of Vexillology (ICVs) held in various locations around the globe under FIAV sponsorship every other year since 1965 and analyzes the proceedings produced after these congresses. The papers presented at ICVs and published in their proceedings probably represent the highest peak of published vexillological research and constitute a respectable body of global vexillological knowledge and a trove of scholarly data for vexillologists of today and tomorrow upon which to base further research. The paper analyzes the ICVs by number of participants, participating countries, and represented continents, providing an indication of the state of development of vexillology as a discipline world-wide. The published papers are analyzed by total volume (number of pages), number of papers, and languages used. The authors of papers are also considered by number of papers, pages, and participation in the ICVs. The papers published are sorted into 15 categories of vexillological research—the categories were defined by cumulating the topics covered by the published papers themselves, providing a measure of the versatility of research in the discipline.

国旗是一个国家的象征，也是一个民族的精神 图腾。开展国旗教育交流对话，对于增进国际 理解、促进文明交流互鉴具有不可估量的价 值。 那么，在互联网时代，如何充分利用现代虚拟 技术拓宽国旗教育 的渠道和提高教育实效性 呢？ The national flag is the symbol of a country and the spiritual totem of a nation. Carrying out national flag education exchanges and dialogues is of immeasurable value in enhancing international understanding and promoting exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations. So, in the internet era, how can we fully utilize modern virtual technology to expand the channels of national flag education and improve its effectiveness?

中国少年先锋队红领巾教育是中华人民共 和国国旗教育的组成部分。 “中国少年先锋队”(简称少先队)，是6—14岁 中国少年儿童组成的群众组织，全国共有少先 队员11480.7万名，是世界上最大的少年儿童组 织。 少先队组织文化同样是透过系列的象征元 素，使少先队员认同少先队的价值取向，并深 植在思维之中。 Red Scarf education of the Chinese Young Pioneers is an integral part of flag education in the People’s Republic of China. The Young Pioneers of China (referred to as the Young Pioneers) is a mass organization composed of children aged 6 to 14 in China. There are 115 million Young Pioneers nationwide, making it the largest youth organization in the world. Cultural aspects within the Young Pioneers organization aim to instill values and beliefs through a series of symbolic elements that resonate with its members.

中国法学会副会长致开幕词 Opening Remarks from the Vice President of the China Law Society

国际旗帜学协会联合会主席致开 Opening Remarks from the President of FIAV

第30届北京世界旗帜学大会会歌词 《旗帜永昌》 赵新风–2024年7月1日 Lyrics to the Theme Song of the 30th International Congress of Vexillology in Beijing Banners Forever Flourish ZHAO Xinfeng — July 1, 2024 赤帜颂（二首） 祖书勤 –2024年7月18日 Ode to the Red Flag (Two Poems) ZU Shuqin—July 18, 2024 祝北京世界旗帜学大会开幕 陈昊苏–2024年7月31日 In Celebration of the Opening of the International Congress of Vexillology in Beijing CHEN Haosu—July 31, 2024

1989年建校的广州市黄埔区怡园小学，办学历 史与许多百年老校相比是年轻的，但在改革开 放前沿诞生和成长的怡园小学，却是全国小学 国旗教育的排头兵和示范校。 Founded in 1989, Yiyuan Primary School, located in Huangpu District, Guangzhou City, is relatively new compared to many century-old institutions. However, situated at the forefront of reform and opening up, Yiyuan Primary School has emerged as a pioneering institution and a model for national flag education in elementary schools across China.

海南自由贸易港建设，给国旗教育带来新的机 遇。旗帜是世界共通的语言，是世界文明交流 互鉴的载体。我们愿意与北京新风旗帜中心一 道，和世界各国旗帜学家密切联系，为推动中 国青少年学习旗帜文化，促进世界各国青少年 旗帜文化交流交往，做出新的积极贡献。 The construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port presents new opportunities to national flag education. As flags are a universal language and a carrier of global cultural exchange, we are eager to work closely with the Vexillological Research Center of China and flag scholars from around the world, contributing positively to the promotion of flag culture among Chinese youth and the exchange of flag culture among youth worldwide.

大会学术论文集: 第30届国际旗帜完学, 中国北京 2024年8月 Proceedings of the 30th International Congress of Vexillology. Beijing, China. August 2024

Flags have been around for centuries; however, vexillology, the study of flags, was not officially coined until the 1960s. Despite this, there is still a need for more scientific and empirical research. Using qualitative arts-based research (ABR) methodology, this study investigates the creative journey of students in an undergraduate geography course as they design a flag for a place of their choosing. Students were asked to interpret the concept of ‘place’ through their flag designs while also incorporating flag design principles. The results showed that participants selected places tied to themes such as hometown, family, love, memories, and culture often reflecting on their personal histories and narratives. Their flag designs incorporated symbols representing aspects of the selected location such as nature, culture, economy, history, and national elements. Overall, the participants viewed the concept of ‘place’ as an emotional construct that is shaped by important memories and life changing moments. Through their designs, the participants explored the concept of place as more than just a physical location. ‘Place’ was a space filled with emotions and personal

"Ireland's most active genealogical society" The home of the Genealogical Society of Ireland Cumann Geinealais na hÉireann, Heraldry Ireland (Araltas Éireann), Vexillology Ireland (Brateolaíocht Éireann), and the Irish DNA Atlas—welcoming all to explore Genealogy, Heraldry, Vexillolo