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Crampton, William. 1994. “Flags as Non-Verbal Symbols in the Management of National Identity.” PhD thesis, The University of Manchester (United Kingdom). not available online.

The object of this thesis is to demonstrate that non-verbal symbols, and in particular national flags, have an essential part in the establishment and management of national identity. It is contended that political legitimacy is derived in part from the national self-presentation and that this presentation can be managed by exploiting the full rangeof the national panoply, i.e., the full range of non-verbal symbols available. In terms of penetration and reciprocation as they form a discourse between the elite and the population flags and related items form a body of material that is easy to handle and to comprehend. But they are also capable of being charged with affective overtones which require care and skill in handling. Key concepts with regard to symbols as hitherto dealt with in social science will be derived from a number of authors who have dealt with the nature of identity and identity crises as part of the modernisation process applicable to nation states. These include Edelman and Pye and the contributors to the 'Crises and Sequences' school of political science. In addition the work of Mosse, Firth, Weitman, Zelinsky, Hobsbawm and Ranger, and other authors who have come closest to the subject under review, will also be examined for contributions in the form of concepts and analytical tools. Also to be examined is the work of modern professional image-makers operating in the commercial world to see what techniques and methods they can deploy successfully. The next stage will be to examine three major identity crises, as exemplified by the American, French and Russian Revolutions to see what efforts, if any, were made by the elite to control and shape their self-presentation and what reciprocation they evinced from their populations.
Mee, Tracey. 2018. “Australian National Identity: Somewhere Between the Flags?” Doctoral thesis, University of Wollongong. University of Wollongong University Repository. https://ro.uow.edu.au/articles/thesis/Australian_National_Identity_Somewhere_Between_the_Flags_/27667281.

The Australian national flag is the primary symbol of the nation. The flag produces and reproduces national identity through its presence in all spheres of the public domain. This thesis is an examination into the national flag’s representational force. It focuses on how the flag makes meaning in accordance with dominant discourses of nation and nationhood through an analysis of its uses and applications across a range of institutional sites. The thesis also takes into consideration the meaning-making potential of the national flag for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This work deploys a wide-range of historical and contemporary sources that include art and literary responses to the flag. The thesis also draws on a range of theoretical works on nation alongside the use of vexillology as a focused study of flags. A critique of the messages and meanings that the Australian national flag transmits raises important questions pertaining to the way the nation is constructed and maintained. While the thesis does not proffer a definitive solution to the many complexities surrounding Australian national identity, it offers the opportunity for further study as debates about changing the flag continue to circulate in the public sphere.

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Bartlett, Ralph G. C. 1987. “Province of Bumbunga: Study of a Self-Proclaimed Independent State within Australia.” Comunicaciones al XI Congreso Internacional de Vexilología, ICV Proceedings, 68–77. https://fiav.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/11-06-Bartlett.pdf.

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Tayleur, Karen. 2013. Australian Flags and Emblems. Walker Books Australia.
Kwan, Elizabeth. 2006. Flag and Nation: Australians and Their National Flags Since 1901. University of New South Wales Press.
Maitland, Gordon L. 2015. The Story of Australia’s Flags. Playbill/Military.
Wickham, Dorothy, and Ballarat Heritage Services. 2013. Eureka. Ballarat Heritage Services.
Australia. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Awards and Culture Branch. 2006. Australian Flags. 3rd ed. Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
Australian Flags. 1998. 2nd ed. Commonwealth Information Services, Australian Government Pub. Service.
Foley, Carol A. 1996. The Australian Flag: Colonial Relic or Contemporary Icon? Federation Press.
Bartlett, Ralph G. C. 2011. “Unity in Flags.” Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011, ICV Proceedings, 27–39. NAVA Digital Library. https://www.nava.org/digital-library/icv24bartlett.pdf.

Over the centuries flags have, and are, being used to show unity. This can take the form of unity between peoples, countries, alliances, and organisations. The purpose of this paper is to give a general review of the design development of these “flags of unity”. From their origins in heraldic royal banners, then national flags, born of unification, and on to flags of alliances, liberation, and more recently international co-operation, flags with unity as their central design theme are as varied as the peoples, countries, and groups they represent.

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Burton, Tony. 2011. “Raising the Standard: An Argument from Design.” Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011, ICV Proceedings, 83–113. NAVA Digital Library. https://www.nava.org/digital-library/icv24burton.pdf.

The creative process and principles informing the design of some special purpose and other flags lead to conclusions for flag design in general. The dynamics of metaphor and shapeshifting are considered. The scope for greater pageantry and innovation in flag design is explored. Current national flags of complex or awkward design present a challenge. Possible remedies are suggested. To paraphrase a famous utterance, the known delivers the unknown, and as at least one national flag of recent vintage demonstrates, the unknown can lead to an unforeseen, but serendipitous result. Among the many instances of how not to design a flag, how to is more worthwhile. Vexillologists have higher standards.

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Kelly, Ralph. 2011. “Southern Cross Down Under.” Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011, ICV Proceedings, 640–68. NAVA Digital Library. https://www.nava.org/digital-library/icv24kelly.pdf.

The Confederate commerce raider CSS Shenandoah visited Melbourne in 1865 for repairs and provisions, the only port-visit on its around-the-world mission: a journey that became famous for the Shenandoah being the ship that fired the last shot of the American Civil War. The paper focuses on its Australian visit and the Shenandoah’s use of the Stainless Banner and the naval use of other Confederate flags. The paper is sourced from extensive contemporary local newspaper articles and illustrations, archives, memoirs and several books. The visit created a considerable impact in Australia that indirectly led to the development of the Victorian colonial navy, which required a navy ensign. The Victorian flag evolved to become the current Australian national flag.

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