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The first time I had reason to question the date of a thirteen-star flag was in 1947. The one examined was stitched by machine and, because of that, obviously was not an eighteenth-century flag. The stars were arranged in a 3-2-3-2-3 arrangement. Knowing very little about documenting flags at that time, I questioned the then curator of history, Theodore T. Belote, whether a flag could be dated by the star arrangement. In discussing the more popular arrangements, Mr. Belote stated that the "thirteen-star flag was used as a small boat ensign from 1795 to about 1916." Currently, in trying to document his statement for publication, I found that this was one of those facts that is "known," but difficult to establish positively. In 1970, Captain Edmund A. Crenshaw, Jr., vice president of the Germantown Historical Society and curator of its museum in Philadelphia, wrote in answer to my query: "That type 'thirteen-star flag' was used for smaller vessels, torpedo boats, submarines and ships boats as far back as I can remember." In his letter of December 3, 1970, when Captain Cranshaw was seventy-nine years old, he continued, "... it was stopped by Franklin Roosevelt for some reason." Since Franklin Roosevelt was assistant secretary of the navy in 1916, the year may be fairly accurate; however, the observation of Dr. Harold Langley, present curator of naval history in the Smithsonian Institution & National Museum of History and Technology, is that individual captains may have continued to use the thirteen-star flag. Dr. Langley also pointed out that manufacturers who had filled navy contracts may have continued to manufacture these flags after 1916. The United States Navy, however, considers that officially it has followed each Flag Act using the number of stars representing the number of states in the Union, and cites a regulation issued in 1890 reaffirming this. Nevertheless, there is an Executive Order (number 1637) issued by President William Howard Taft and dated October 29, 1912, which states: Boat Flags: In order that the identity of the stars in flags when carried by small boats belonging to the Government may be preserved, the custom holding in the Navy for many years, of thirteen (13) stars for boat flags, is hereby approved. This confirms that the thirteen-star flag was in use through 1912 and probably longer.
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For the first time since the breakup of the Soviet Union, the flags of all federal subjects of Russia—Republics, Oblasts, Krais, and more—are documented in one volume in English. Based on a paper which won the Captain William Driver Award for scholarly achievement in vexillology, this book belongs on every flag-lover’s bookshelf. Its 89 articles cover current and merged federal subjects. Each article provides the description of the territory’s flag, including its proportions, year of adoption, designer(s), history, and meaning. A locator map places the territory in Russia, with grayscale illustrations of the flag and arms in each article. (81 of 83 current subjects have flags—8 more merged subjects are covered.) 32 pages of full-color plates illustrate the flags and arms described in the articles in beautiful detail. All of the federal subjects are identified in English, Russian, and transliterated Russian. An extensive analysis of the flags explores their design, colors, symbolism, and meaning. This work was originally presented at NAVA's 42nd annual meeting in 2008; the author won the Captain William Driver Award for the best paper. For this volume of Raven, she was awarded the coveted Vexillon by the Fédération internationale des associations veillologiques in 2011 for the most important contribution to world vexillology in the previous two years.
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For the first time since the breakup of the Soviet Union, the flags of all federal subjects of Russia—Republics, Oblasts, Krais, and more—are documented in one volume in English. Based on a paper which won the Captain William Driver Award for scholarly achievement in vexillology, this book belongs on every flag-lover’s bookshelf. Its 89 articles cover current and merged federal subjects. Each article provides the description of the territory’s flag, including its proportions, year of adoption, designer(s), history, and meaning. A locator map places the territory in Russia, with grayscale illustrations of the flag and arms in each article. (81 of 83 current subjects have flags—8 more merged subjects are covered.) 32 pages of full-color plates illustrate the flags and arms described in the articles in beautiful detail. All of the federal subjects are identified in English, Russian, and transliterated Russian. An extensive analysis of the flags explores their design, colors, symbolism, and meaning. This work was originally presented at NAVA's 42nd annual meeting in 2008; the author won the Captain William Driver Award for the best paper. For this volume of Raven, she was awarded the coveted Vexillon by the Fédération internationale des associations veillologiques in 2011 for the most important contribution to world vexillology in the previous two years.
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Publication year
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Between 1900 and 1999
(1)
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Between 1970 and 1979
(1)
- 1973 (1)
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Between 1970 and 1979
(1)
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Between 2000 and 2026
(2)
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Between 2000 and 2009
(2)
- 2009 (2)
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Between 2000 and 2009
(2)
Resource language
Topic
- flag analysis
- 13-star flags (1)
- Autonomous Oblast (Russian Federation) (2)
- Autonomous Okrugs (Russian Federation) (2)
- color analysis (2)
- design analysis (2)
- early American flags (1)
- Federal Subjects (Russian Federation) (2)
- flag conservation (1)
- flag identification (1)
- flag manufacturing techniques (1)
- Krais (Russian Federation) (2)
- Oblasts (Russian Federation) (2)
- regional flags (2)
- Republics (Russian Federation) (2)
- Russia (2)
- Russian Federation (2)
- Russian regions (2)
- subnational flags (2)
- symbol analysis (2)
- thirteen-star flags (1)
- United States flag (1)